Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans

The text

Salutation — the church presiding in the place of the Romans (shorter recension)

Ignatius, who is also called Theophorus, to the Church which has obtained mercy, through the majesty of the Most High Father, and Jesus Christ, His only-begotten Son; the Church which is beloved and enlightened by the will of Him that willeth all things which are according to the love of Jesus Christ our God, which also presides in the place of the region of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of obtaining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love, is named from Christ, and from the Father, which I also salute in the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father: to those who are united, both according to the flesh and spirit, to every one of His commandments; who are filled inseparably with the grace of God, and are purified from every strange taint, [I wish] abundance of happiness unblameably, in Jesus Christ our God.

Ch. 1 — I fear your love, lest it wrong me (shorter recension)

Through prayer to God I have obtained the privilege of seeing your most worthy faces, and have even been granted more than I requested; for I hope as a prisoner in Christ Jesus to salute you, if indeed it be the will of God that I be thought worthy of attaining unto the end. For the beginning has been well ordered, if I may obtain grace to cling to my lot without hindrance unto the end. For I am afraid of your love, lest it should do me an injury. For it is easy for you to accomplish what you please; but it is difficult for me to attain to God, if ye spare me.

Ch. 2 — a sacrifice while the altar is still ready (shorter recension)

For it is not my desire to act towards you as a man-pleaser, but as pleasing God, even as also ye please Him. For neither shall I ever have such [another] opportunity of attaining to God; nor will ye, if ye shall now be silent, ever be entitled to the honour of a better work. For if ye are silent concerning me, I shall become God's; but if you show your love to my flesh, I shall again have to run my race. Pray, then, do not seek to confer any greater favour upon me than that I be sacrificed to God while the altar is still prepared; that, being gathered together in love, ye may sing praise to the Father, through Christ Jesus, that God has deemed me, the bishop of Syria, worthy to be sent for from the east unto the west. It is good to set from the world unto God, that I may rise again to Him.

Ch. 3 — not merely called a Christian but found to be one (shorter recension)

Ye have never envied any one; ye have taught others. Now I desire that those things may be confirmed [by your conduct], which in your instructions ye enjoin [on others]. Only request in my behalf both inward and outward strength, that I may not only speak, but [truly] will; and that I may not merely be called a Christian, but really be found to be one. For if I be truly found [a Christian], I may also be called one, and be then deemed faithful, when I shall no longer appear to the world. Nothing visible is eternal. "For the things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal." For our God, Jesus Christ, now that He is with the Father, is all the more revealed [in His glory]. Christianity is not a thing of silence only, but also of [manifest] greatness.

Ch. 4 — the wheat of God, ground into the pure bread of Christ (shorter recension)

I write to the Churches, and impress on them all, that I shall willingly die for God, unless ye hinder me. I beseech of you not to show an unseasonable good-will towards me. Suffer me to become food for the wild beasts, through whose instrumentality it will be granted me to attain to God. I am the wheat of God, and let me be ground by the teeth of the wild beasts, that I may be found the pure bread of Christ. Rather entice the wild beasts, that they may become my tomb, and may leave nothing of my body; so that when I have fallen asleep [in death], I may be no trouble to any one. Then shall I truly be a disciple of Christ, when the world shall not see so much as my body. Entreat Christ for me, that by these instruments I may be found a sacrifice [to God]. I do not, as Peter and Paul, issue commandments unto you. They were apostles; I am but a condemned man: they were free, while I am, even until now, a servant. But when I suffer, I shall be the freed-man of Jesus, and shall rise again emancipated in Him. And now, being a prisoner, I learn not to desire anything worldly or vain.

Ch. 5 — bound to ten leopards from Syria to Rome (shorter recension)

From Syria even unto Rome I fight with beasts, both by land and sea, both by night and day, being bound to ten leopards, I mean a band of soldiers, who, even when they receive benefits, show themselves all the worse. But I am the more instructed by their injuries [to act as a disciple of Christ]; "yet am I not thereby justified." May I enjoy the wild beasts that are prepared for me; and I pray they may be found eager to rush upon me, which also I will entice to devour me speedily, and not deal with me as with some, whom, out of fear, they have not touched. But if they be unwilling to assail me, I will compel them to do so. Pardon me [in this]: I know what is for my benefit. Now I begin to be a disciple. And let no one, of things visible or invisible, envy me that I should attain to Jesus Christ. Let fire and the cross; let the crowds of wild beasts; let tearings, breakings, and dislocations of bones; let cutting off of members; let shatterings of the whole body; and let all the dreadful torments of the devil come upon me: only let me attain to Jesus Christ.

Ch. 6 — Him I seek, who died for us (shorter recension)

All the pleasures of the world, and all the kingdoms of this earth, shall profit me nothing. It is better for me to die in behalf of Jesus Christ, than to reign over all the ends of the earth. "For what shall a man be profited, if he gain the whole world, but lose his own soul?" Him I seek, who died for us: Him I desire, who rose again for our sake. This is the gain which is laid up for me. Pardon me, brethren: do not hinder me from living, do not wish to keep me in a state of death; and while I desire to belong to God, do not ye give me over to the world. Suffer me to obtain pure light: when I have gone thither, I shall indeed be a man of God. Permit me to be an imitator of the passion of my God. If any one has Him within himself, let him consider what I desire, and let him have sympathy with me, as knowing how I am straitened.

Ch. 7 — the living water saying inwardly, Come to the Father (shorter recension)

The prince of this world would fain carry me away, and corrupt my disposition towards God. Let none of you, therefore, who are [in Rome] help him; rather be ye on my side, that is, on the side of God. Do not speak of Jesus Christ, and yet set your desires on the world. Let not envy find a dwelling-place among you; nor even should I, when present with you, exhort you to it, be ye persuaded to listen to me, but rather give credit to those things which I now write to you. For though I am alive while I write to you, yet I am eager to die. My love has been crucified, and there is no fire in me desiring to be fed; but there is within me a water that liveth and speaketh, saying to me inwardly, Come to the Father. I have no delight in corruptible food, nor in the pleasures of this life. I desire the bread of God, the heavenly bread, the bread of life, which is the flesh of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who became afterwards of the seed of David and Abraham; and I desire the drink of God, namely His blood, which is incorruptible love and eternal life.

Ch. 8 — if I suffer, ye have wished well to me (shorter recension)

I no longer wish to live after the manner of men, and my desire shall be fulfilled if ye consent. Be ye willing, then, that ye also may have your desires fulfilled. I entreat you in this brief letter; do ye give credit to me. Jesus Christ will reveal these things to you, [so that ye shall know] that I speak truly. He is the mouth altogether free from falsehood, by which the Father has truly spoken. Pray ye for me, that I may attain [the object of my desire]. I have not written to you according to the flesh, but according to the will of God. If I shall suffer, ye have wished [well] to me; but if I am rejected, ye have hated me.

Ch. 9 — the church in Syria has God for its shepherd instead of me (shorter recension)

Remember in your prayers the Church in Syria, which now has God for its shepherd, instead of me. Jesus Christ alone will oversee it, and your love [will also regard it]. But as for me, I am ashamed to be counted one of them; for indeed I am not worthy, as being the very last of them, and one born out of due time. But I have obtained mercy to be somebody, if I shall attain to God. My spirit salutes you, and the love of the Churches that have received me in the name of Jesus Christ, and not as a mere passer-by. For even those Churches which were not near to me in the way, I mean according to the flesh, have gone before me, city by city, [to meet me.]

Ch. 10 — written from Smyrna, 23 August (shorter recension)

Now I write these things to you from Smyrna by the Ephesians, who are deservedly most happy. There is also with me, along with many others, Crocus, one dearly beloved by me. As to those who have gone before me from Syria to Rome for the glory of God, I believe that you are acquainted with them; to whom, [then,] do ye make known that I am at hand. For they are all worthy, both of God and of you; and it is becoming that you should refresh them in all things. I have written these things unto you, on the day before the ninth of the Kalends of September (that is, on the twenty-third day of August). Fare ye well to the end, in the patience of Jesus Christ. Amen.

The two recensions agree. The parenthesis '(that is, on the twenty-third day of August)' is marked by the volume's own footnote as an explanatory gloss which has crept into the text: the Roman-calendar date is Ignatius', the modern equivalent a later hand's.

Roberts & Donaldson, ANF vol. 1 (1885) · Alexander Roberts & James Donaldson · ANF I, Ignatius to the Romans

Received it

• c. 180 — Irenaeus of Lyons (Affirms). Irenaeus quotes this letter's fourth chapter as the words of one of ours condemned to the beasts — 'I am the wheat of God, and by the teeth of the beasts am I ground' — the earliest datable use of the text. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (ANF vol. 1) · Irenaeus, Against Heresies 5.28.4 (ANF I), with the ANF editor's note identifying the quotation as Ignatius, Romans 4; volume held in data/bronze/texts/anf-01.txt.gz
• c. 325 — Eusebius of Caesarea (Affirms). Eusebius names Romans among the letters Ignatius wrote on his way to death and quotes its fifth chapter at length — 'from Syria even unto Rome I fight with wild beasts … being bound amidst ten leopards' — fixing which Ignatian letters the church would count. Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History · Eusebius, Church History 3.36.6–9 (NPNF2 I; volume held in data/bronze/texts/npnf2-01.txt.gz)
• 1672 — John Pearson (Affirms). Pearson's Vindiciae answered Daillé six years later, and was generally supposed to have established the genuineness of the shorter form on an immoveable foundation. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (ANF vol. 1) · ANF I, introductory note to the Epistles of Ignatius; volume held in data/bronze/texts/anf-01.txt.gz
• 1885, 2nd ed. 1889 — J. B. Lightfoot (Affirms). On fourteen numbered grounds, external and internal, Lightfoot is constrained to accept the seven epistles of the Middle Form — Romans among them — as the genuine work of Ignatius, and answers there the argument Daillé called palmary, that episcopacy stands in them as an established institution. J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers · The Apostolic Fathers, Part II: S. Ignatius, S. Polycarp, 2nd ed. (London, 1889), vol. I, ch. 6 'The Genuineness', the case summed up at pp. 422-423, with his own account of changing his mind at p. xi; volume held in data/bronze/archive-texts/apostolicfathep2v1clemuoft.txt.gz

Refused it

• 1666 — Jean Daillé (Dallaeus) (Rejects). By far the most learned and elaborate of the early modern attacks: Daillé argued that the writings passing under Ignatius' name are authentic in neither the longer nor the shorter recension. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (ANF vol. 1) · ANF I, introductory note to the Epistles of Ignatius; volume held in data/bronze/texts/anf-01.txt.gz

Authors

• Ignatius of Antioch author