Sources & Reading
Every source this dataset cites, and what each one is.
Primary sources (135)
- Acts of Paul and Thecla 180 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Acts of the Apostles 85 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 135 claims
- Acts of the Scillitan Martyrs 180 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Acts of Thomas 230 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 7 claims
- Against Heresies Irenaeus of Lyons · 180 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 13 claims
- Against Praxeas Tertullian · 213 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 5 claims
- Annala Uladh, Annals of Ulster ed. and tr. W. M. Hennessy and B. MacCarthy · 1887 · Latin West · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 54 claims
- Apocrypha of the New Testament (ANF vol. 8) tr. Alexander Walker, ed. M. B. Riddle · 1886 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Apology against Jerome, the Apology to Anastasius, and the Prefaces to the translations Tyrannius Rufinus · 401 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 7 claims
- Apology Against Rufinus Jerome · 402 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 1 claim
- Bibliothecae Mediceae Laurentianae et Palatinae codicum mms. orientalium catalogus Stefano Evodio Assemani · 1742 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Christian Topography Cosmas Indicopleustes · 550 · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Chronicle (Chronica) book II Sulpicius Severus · 403 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Chronicle (Dhayl) Yahya ibn Sa'id of Antioch · 1030 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 7 claims
- Chronicle of Seert 1000 · Church of the East · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Chronicon Ecclesiasticum Bar Hebraeus (Gregory Abu'l-Faraj); ed. Abbeloos and Lamy · 1872 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 49 claims
- Chronique de Michel le Syrien Michael the Syrian; ed. and tr. J.-B. Chabot · 1899 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 45 claims
- Chronograph of 354 (the Calendar of Filocalus) Furius Dionysius Filocalus · 354 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 34 claims
- Chronographia Theophanes the Confessor · 813 · Eastern Orthodox · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 14 claims
- Codex Theodosianus (book XVI) 438 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 7 claims
- Commentary on Matthew Origen · 247 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Commentary on the Gospel of John Origen · 232 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Confessions Augustine of Hippo · 400 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 17 claims
- Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland A. W. Haddan and W. Stubbs · 1869 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 22 claims
- De Viris Illustribus Jerome · 393 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 39 claims
- De Viris Illustribus (the continuation of Jerome) Gennadius of Massilia · 480 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 25 claims
- Depositio Martyrum (the Chronograph of 354, part 12) 354 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Dialogues (book 2: the life of Benedict) Gregory the Great · 593 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 8 claims
- Ecclesiae Occidentalis Monumenta Iuris Antiquissima ed. C. H. Turner · 1899 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 6 claims
- Ecclesiastical History Eusebius of Caesarea · 324 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 431 claims
- Ecclesiastical History Socrates Scholasticus · 439 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 61 claims
- Ecclesiastical History Sozomen · 445 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 39 claims
- Ecclesiastical History Theodoret of Cyrus · 449 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 22 claims
- Ecclesiastical History Evagrius Scholasticus · 594 · Before the division · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 14 claims
- Ecclesiastical History (second part) Barhadbeshabba 'Arbaia · 600 · Church of the East · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Ecclesiastical History of the English People Bede · 731 · Latin West · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 50 claims
- Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs Photius I of Constantinople · 867 · Eastern Orthodox · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Epitoma Chronicon Prosper of Aquitaine · 455 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries (ANF vol. 7) 1886 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 18 claims
- Genesis Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 7 claims
- Gospel of John 95 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 48 claims
- Gospel of Luke 85 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 83 claims
- Gospel of Mark 68 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 62 claims
- Gospel of Matthew 85 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 72 claims
- Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle tr. M.-F. Brosset · 1849 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Historia ecclesiastica (the Latin Eusebius, and Rufinus’s own continuation in books X–XI) Tyrannius Rufinus · 402 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- History of the Armenians Agathangelos · 460 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 11 claims
- History of the Franks (Decem Libri Historiarum) Gregory of Tours · 594 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria Severus of Al'Ashmunein (attributed); compiled by Mawhub ibn Mansur · 1088 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 113 claims
- Homilies on First and Second Corinthians John Chrysostom · 392 · Before the division · public-domain-translation
- Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus and Philemon John Chrysostom · 395 · Before the division · public-domain-translation
- Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles John Chrysostom · 400 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 18 claims
- Homilies on the Dormition of the Theotokos John of Damascus · 740 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Homilies on the Epistle to the Romans John Chrysostom · 391 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 15 claims
- Homilies on the Gospel of John, and on the Epistle to the Hebrews John Chrysostom · 391 · Before the division · public-domain-translation
- Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew John Chrysostom · 390 · Before the division · public-domain-translation
- Institutions of Divine and Secular Learning, and the Variae Cassiodorus · 562 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Itinera Hierosolymitana saeculi IIII-VIII ed. Paul Geyer · 1898 · Before the division · public-domain-original
- Itinerary from Bordeaux to Jerusalem (Itinerarium Burdigalense) 333 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 10 claims
- Jewish Antiquities Flavius Josephus · 94 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 12 claims
- Le Synaxaire arabe jacobite (rédaction copte) ed. and tr. René Basset · 1907 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 16 claims
- Le Synaxaire arménien de Ter Israël ed. and tr. G. Bayan · 1910 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 1 claim
- Letter to Gregory Origen · 235 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Letter to Philemon Paul the Apostle · 61 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Letter to the Colossians Paul the Apostle · 61 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 10 claims
- Letter to the Philippians Paul the Apostle · 61 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Letters Paulinus of Nola · 400 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Letters Jerome · 404 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 40 claims
- Letters Augustine of Hippo · 420 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 5 claims
- Letters 10.96–97 (the Pliny–Trajan correspondence) Pliny the Younger · 112 · Before the division · public-domain — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Letters and Poems (Epistulae, Carmina) Sidonius Apollinaris · 480 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Letters and treatises, and the Life by Ferrandus Fulgentius of Ruspe · 530 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Letters, and Against the Impious Grammarian Severus of Antioch · 530 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 9 claims
- Letters, and the funeral orations Ambrose of Milan · 390 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 13 claims
- Liber Pontificalis 530 · Latin West · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 179 claims
- Life of Caesarius Cyprianus of Toulon and others · 549 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Life of Daniel the Stylite anonymous · 490 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Life of Saint Nicholas Michael the Archimandrite · 830 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Life of Shenoute Besa · 470 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Lives of the Holy Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow (Historia Abbatum) Bede · 716 · Latin West · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Lives of the Monks of Palestine Cyril of Scythopolis · 555 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Maris, Amri et Slibae De Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria (the Book of the Tower) Mari ibn Sulayman and Amr ibn Matta; ed. and tr. Henricus Gismondi · 1899 · Church of the East · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 128 claims
- Martyrologium Hieronymianum ed. G. B. de Rossi and L. Duchesne · 600 · Latin West · public-domain-original
- New Testament 90 · Before the division · public-domain — what rests on it: 7 claims
- On Baptism (De baptismo) Tertullian · 198 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- On Easter, or the Paschal Cycle (Liber de Paschate) Dionysius Exiguus · 525 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 7 claims
- On the Deaths of the Persecutors (De Mortibus Persecutorum) Lactantius · 315 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 31 claims
- On the Holy Spirit (De Spiritu Sancto) Basil of Caesarea · 375 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- On the Incarnation of the Word, and Against the Heathen Athanasius of Alexandria · 318 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 5 claims
- On the Priesthood, the Ascetic Treatises, and the Homilies on the Statues John Chrysostom · 386 · Before the division · public-domain-translation
- On the Seventy Apostles Pseudo-Hippolytus · Before the division · public-domain-translation
- Patrologia Graeca ed. J.-P. Migne · 1857 · public-domain-original
- Patrologia Latina ed. J.-P. Migne · 1844 · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 128 claims
- Patrologia Orientalis ed. René Graffin and François Nau · 1903 · public-domain-original
- Peristephanon (Crowns of Martyrdom) Prudentius · 405 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Refutation of All Heresies (Philosophumena) Hippolytus of Rome · 225 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 8 claims
- Regesta Pontificum Romanorum Philipp Jaffé, 2nd ed. · 1885 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Religious History (Philotheos historia) Theodoret · 440 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Roman Martyrology 2004 · Latin West · copyrighted — what rests on it: 17 claims
- Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio ed. Giovan Domenico Mansi · 1759 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 5 claims
- Sermon on Law and Grace Hilarion of Kyiv · 1049 · Eastern Orthodox · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Sermons, and the Letter to Eutyches Peter Chrysologus · 449 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Synaxarium Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano nunc Berolinensi ed. Hippolyte Delehaye · 1902 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- Synodicon Orientale 775 · Church of the East · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 27 claims
- Tharisapalli copper plates 849 · Church of the East · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- The Apology (Apologeticus) Tertullian · 197 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 6 claims
- The Apostolic Fathers J. B. Lightfoot · 1890 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 14 claims
- The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus (ANF vol. 1) 1885 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 160 claims
- The Book of Pastoral Rule Gregory the Great · 590 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 5 claims
- The Book of the Bee Solomon of Basra · 1222 · Church of the East · public-domain-translation
- The Catechetical Lectures Cyril of Jerusalem · 350 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- The Confession, and the Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus Patrick · 450 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 6 claims
- The Consolation of Philosophy, and the logical and theological works Boethius · 524 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- The Coptic Synaxarium 1250 · Oriental Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 16 claims
- The Doctrine of Addai 400 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 4 claims
- The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians Polycarp · 110 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- The Epistles Cyprian of Carthage · 258 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians Clement of Rome · 96 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 4 claims
- The Golden Legend Jacobus de Voragine · 1265 · Latin West · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 19 claims
- The Hexaemeron Basil of Caesarea · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 1 claim
- The Ḥudra 650 · Church of the East · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 14 claims
- The Kontakia Romanos the Melodist · 540 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 2 claims
- The Lausiac History Palladius of Galatia · 420 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 9 claims
- The Letters Basil of Caesarea · 378 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- The Letters and Sermons Leo the Great · 450 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 5 claims
- The Orations, and Select Letters Gregory of Nazianzus · 380 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 3 claims
- The Paradise, or Garden of the Holy Fathers, vol. II ʿAnān-Īshōʿ, tr. E. A. Wallis Budge · 1907 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-translation
- The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity Perpetua, Saturus and an editor · 203 · Before the division · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 3 claims
- The Pilgrimage of Etheria (Itinerarium Egeriae) Egeria · 384 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 20 claims
- The Rudder (Pedalion) Nicodemus the Hagiorite · 1800 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 6 claims
- The Russian Primary Chronicle 1113 · Eastern Orthodox · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 13 claims
- The Seven Ecumenical Councils (NPNF series 2 vol. 14) Henry R. Percival (ed.) · 1900 · Latin West · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 771 claims
- The Treatises Cyprian of Carthage · 256 · Before the division · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 2 claims
- The Typikon Eastern Orthodox · original-public-domain — what rests on it: 121 claims
- Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the Calendar 1969 · Latin West · copyrighted — what rests on it: 92 claims
Data and infrastructure (6)
- Curated seed enriched from Wikidata CC0-1.0
- Derived during silver build CC0-1.0
- English Wikipedia CC-BY-SA-4.0
- Project curation CC0-1.0 — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Wikidata CC0-1.0 — what rests on it: 152 claims
- Wikimedia Commons per-file
modern (25)
- A History of the Councils of the Church from the Original Documents Karl Josef von Hefele, English tr. · 1871 · Latin West · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 17 claims
- A Manual of the Orthodox Church's Divine Services Archpriest D. Sokolof, tr. from the Russian · 1899 · Eastern Orthodox · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 27 claims
- Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils Norman P. Tanner (ed.) · 1990 · Latin West · copyrighted — what rests on it: 3 claims
- East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church Henry Chadwick · 2003 · Latin West · copyrighted — what rests on it: 51 claims
- Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule Louis Duchesne · 1894 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 19 claims
- Kalendarium manuale utriusque ecclesiae orientalis et occidentalis (vol. II) Nikolaus Nilles · 1896 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 12 claims
- Le Liber pontificalis: texte, introduction et commentaire Louis Duchesne · 1886 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 28 claims
- Oriens Christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus Michel Le Quien · 1740 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 657 claims
- Patrology Johannes Quasten · 1950 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted — what rests on it: 69 claims
- Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum William Stubbs · 1897 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 114 claims
- Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae Pius Bonifacius Gams · 1873 · Latin West · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 25 claims
- St Paul the Traveller and the Roman Citizen W. M. Ramsay · 1895 · Modern scholarship · public-domain-original
- St Paul: A Study in Social and Religious History Adolf Deissmann, tr. L. R. M. Strachan · 1912 · Modern scholarship · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 5 claims
- The Canon of the New Testament Bruce M. Metzger · 1987 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted — what rests on it: 78 claims
- The Christian Tradition 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600) Jaroslav Pelikan · 1971 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted — what rests on it: 11 claims
- The Christian Tradition 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600–1700) Jaroslav Pelikan · 1974 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted
- The Early Church Henry Chadwick · 1967 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted — what rests on it: 55 claims
- The Eastern Fathers of the Fourth Century Georges Florovsky · 1931 · Eastern Orthodox · copyrighted
- The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Leo Donald Davis · 1983 · Latin West · copyrighted — what rests on it: 16 claims
- The Legends of the Saints: an Introduction to Hagiography Hippolyte Delehaye, tr. V. M. Crawford · 1907 · Modern scholarship · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 13 claims
- The Life and Epistles of St Paul W. J. Conybeare and J. S. Howson · 1890 · Modern scholarship · public-domain-original — what rests on it: 3 claims
- The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries Adolf von Harnack, tr. James Moffatt · 1908 · Modern scholarship · public-domain-translation — what rests on it: 4 claims
- The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire J. M. Hussey · 1986 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted — what rests on it: 70 claims
- The Path of Christianity: The First Thousand Years John Anthony McGuckin · 2017 · Eastern Orthodox · copyrighted — what rests on it: 61 claims
- The Rise of Christianity W. H. C. Frend · 1984 · Modern scholarship · copyrighted — what rests on it: 14 claims
web (31)
- Berean Standard Bible Bible Hub / the Berean Bible translation team · 2020 · Latin West · public-domain — what rests on it: 83 claims
- Bible Geocoding OpenBible.info · Modern scholarship · cc-by-4.0
- British Library digitised collections The British Library · Modern scholarship · mixed-per-item
- CELT - Corpus of Electronic Texts University College Cork · Modern scholarship · link-only
- Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts founded by Daniel B. Wallace · 2002 · Modern scholarship · link-only — what rests on it: 23 claims
- Christian Classics Ethereal Library Latin West · public-domain-texts
- Cleveland Museum of Art Open Access The Cleveland Museum of Art · Modern scholarship · cc0
- Codex Sinaiticus Project the four holding institutions · 2009 · Modern scholarship · link-only — what rests on it: 3 claims
- Documenta Catholica Omnia Latin West · scans-of-pd-editions
- English Standard Version (Bible.com) 2001 · Latin West · copyrighted — what rests on it: 113 claims
- Europeana Europeana Foundation · Modern scholarship · mixed-per-item
- Gallica Bibliotheque nationale de France · Modern scholarship · mixed-per-item
- Getty Open Content Program The J. Paul Getty Trust · Modern scholarship · cc-by
- Grokipedia mixed — what rests on it: 683 claims
- Internet History Sourcebooks Project (Fordham) Modern scholarship · compilation
- Knisja.mt, the website of the Archdiocese of Malta Arċidjoċesi ta' Malta · Latin West · link-only — what rests on it: 2 claims
- Liturgical Calendar of the Syriac Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox · compilation — what rests on it: 11 claims
- National Gallery of Art Open Access National Gallery of Art (Washington) · Modern scholarship · cc0
- Natural Earth Modern scholarship · public-domain — what rests on it: 13 claims
- New Advent (Fathers and Catholic Encyclopedia) Latin West · public-domain-texts — what rests on it: 54 claims
- New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room (INTF Munster) Institut fur neutestamentliche Textforschung · Modern scholarship · link-only
- Orthodox Christian Information Center Eastern Orthodox · copyrighted-essays
- OrthodoxWiki Eastern Orthodox · cc-by-sa-2.5 — what rests on it: 108 claims
- Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (NYU) and contributors · Modern scholarship · cc-by-3.0 — what rests on it: 152 claims
- Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England PASE Project (King's College London and partners) · 2005 · Modern scholarship · link-only
- Rijksmuseum Open Data Rijksmuseum Amsterdam · Modern scholarship · cc0
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art Open Access The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Modern scholarship · cc0
- The Syriac Reference Portal Syriaca.org (Vanderbilt and partners) · Modern scholarship · cc-by-4.0 — what rests on it: 148 claims
- The Walters Art Museum The Walters Art Museum · Modern scholarship · cc-by
- TIPNR - Translators Individualised Proper Names with all References STEPBible.org / Tyndale House Cambridge · Modern scholarship · cc-by-4.0
- World English Bible 1997 · Latin West · public-domain — what rests on it: 83 claims